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Unintended Effects of Genetic Manipulation


Intended Effect: Enhanced Growth

atlantic_salmon_001: Atlantic salmon expressing transgenic growth hormone experienced numerous changes to their cardiorespiratory system.


coho_salmon_001: Transgenic expression of growth hormone in coho salmon led to a narrower body, more red muscle mass, and smaller white muscle fibers.

coho_salmon_002: Transgenic coho salmon expressing growth hormone had enlarged heads, reduced viability, and accelerated development of their life cycle.

coho_salmon_003: Coho salmon engineered for transgenic expression of growth hormone were more aggressive predators in simulated natural environments.


pig_001: Transgenic pigs expressing bovine growth hormone had lower appetites, enlarged organs, gastric ulcers, and other health problems.

pig_002: Sheep growth hormone expression was highly variable in transgenic pigs, whose bodies had more protein and water and less fat.

pig_003: Transgenic pigs with elevated levels of growth hormone were infertile, pre-diabetic, and experienced joint problems.


sheep_001: Transgenic expression of sheep growth hormone in sheep increased the incidence of reproductive problems and premature death.


tilapia_001: Tilapia fish engineered for transgenic expression of growth hormone had deformed heads and backs, atrophied gonads, and lower mineral content.


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